Critical Incident Analysis Essay Example for Free

Basic Incident Analysis Essay All through this evaluation I will break down a basic episode of a communication between a specialist and an assistance client or carer during my legal perception experience. I will finish up my own evaluation of the circumstance and show my comprehension of the utilization of self, setting in which social work happens and the information and strategies for training. I won't utilize any of the administration clients, carers or offices names in this article because of the information insurance act 1998. I will likewise cling to the GSCC sets of principles that regard and identify with the administration clients classification and wellbeing. This incorporate regarding secret data and obviously clarifying office strategies about privacy to support clients and carers, being solid and reliable, proclaiming issues that may make irreconcilable situations and ensuring that they don't impact your judgment or practice; and holding fast to arrangements and methods about tolerating blessings and cash from administration clients and carers. (GSCC, codes of training for social consideration laborers. ) My legal perception situation is at a facility for substance abuse, chiefly being heroin, rocks and liquor. During one of my days there I was allowed the chance to shadow one of the centers general professionals for the afternoon. The general professionals primary job is to work close by the administration client so as to help the break the pattern of medication or liquor reliance and furthermore to carry on with a more beneficial way of life and offer them a superior way of life. The general specialist meets with the administration clients on a month to month premise in which offers him the chance to pick up however much data about the administration client as he can with the end goal for him to work with them as adequately and productively as could be expected. The general professional welcomed the administration client in the administration room, and he likewise approached the administration user’s consent for me to be available in the room, which then he further clarified me being an understudy social specialist. The administration client consented to this. Before really meeting the administration client I got the opportunity to peruse their notes with the specialist so I could show signs of improvement comprehension of what the gathering would involve, Furthermore to increase a superior comprehension of the administration user’s foundation and their principle explanations behind being there. I acquainted myself with the administration client as an understudy social laborer. We as a whole plunked down and the GP experienced the notes with the administration client and got some information about whatever other occurrences that may have happened since the last gathering. Preceding the gathering with the administration client the GP had resuscitated the administration clients most recent medication test results which were demonstrating that the administration client despite everything had extremely high hints of heroin in his framework despite the fact that he was on a methadone content. Besides the medication test didn't compare with the measure of methadone that ought to have been noticeable in the administration clients framework. In this way the GP clarified what the test outcomes demonstrated and questioned the administration client of why the test outcomes have returned with these ends. The administration client at that point proceeded to clarify that these signs are appearing on the outcomes in light of the fact that the administration client has been offering his methadone remedies to take care of his heroin dependence as he is jobless and was not accepting a similar inclination off the methadone that he would get when he would take heroin. The GP at that point called one of the centers social laborers as he could just prompt the administration client on the impacts that it will have on their wellbeing, yet couldn't assist them with the psychological and social strain that accompanies illicit drug use which a social specialist could. A social laborer at that point come in and addressed the administration client, to get some answers concerning his social foundation and other intense subject matters that are available in the administration user’s life that may impact the taking of heroin. ‘A basic occurrence examination is an answer, either positive or negative that established a specific connection with an understudy (Clamp 1984 refered to in Reed and Procter 1993) (p. 69). Richard and Parker (1995) contend that reflecting and breaking down the occurrence the professional can consider how the episode may have been overseen contrastingly by applying other information and thus empower the expert to push ahead and consider a future circumstance in an unexpected way. For the motivations behind this bit of work I will investigate a perception of a gathering between a male and a GP. At the point when I discovered that I would have been shadowing at a facility for administration clients with medication and liquor issues I was very stressed and interested concerning what might happen. At that point I understood I must be all encompassing and furthermore sensible, and in spite of the fact that I am not near anybody that has a heroin, rocks or even a liquor fixation I have been encircled by individuals that have utilized certain medications, for example, cannabis or cocaine. I additionally feel that I won't generally realize this is the situation as not every person exhibits through their conduct this is an issue for them, likewise a few people feel embarrassed as medication and liquor use is disliked and people will deny utilizing drugs. A few people clarify that they use medicates as a method of desensitizing their issues or to pick up certainty and confidence. Convictions about oneself and about the job of medications or liquor in ones life are in some cases called existential models (Greaves, 1980). Khantzian (1985) has suggested that addicts use medications to counterbalance or address explicit issues they accept they have, for example, an absence of trust in social-sexual dealings, a view now and again alluded to as the versatile model of fixation. As per Peele (1985), the individual gets dependent on a substance since it satisfies basic intrapsychic, relational, and natural needs. I have consistently been influenced, and my perspectives have consistently been obfuscated by what is written in the media. Substance abuse is constantly given an adverse picture and the individuals that utilization medications or liquor are viewed in an exceptionally negative manner, and seen as less significant and hazardous in the public arena. When glancing in on different discussions at this situation I have seen the fleeting trend impact Brown and Rutter (2009) become possibly the most important factor, as I can't help thinking that relatives were terrified to be abandoned or disapproved of if they somehow happened to help the medication client, or significantly offer exhortation and backing. All through my childhood I have consistently been cautioned about the impacts of medications and liquor abuse, anyway I feel that my folks didn’t truly convey a great deal of information about the subject. The abuse of medications act 1971 plans to forestall the utilization of non clinical utilization of specific medications consequently it controls not simply therapeutic medications (which will likewise be in the Medicines Act) yet in addition drugs with no current clinical employments. Offenses under this Act overwhelmingly include the overall population, and in any event, when a similar medication and a comparative offense are included, punishments are far harder. Medications subject to this Act are known as controlled medications. The law characterizes a progression of offenses, including unlawful flexibly, aim to gracefully, import or fare (all these are altogether known as dealing offenses), and unlawful creation. I had the option to relate the abuse of medications act 1971 to the discussion in which I shadowed as the administration client was selling drugs that were just expected to be taken as a controlled medication that is recommended. Subsequently the administration client is submitting an offense. The meds demonstration 1968 obviously expresses that Prescription just drugs are the most confined. They must be sold or provided by a drug specialist whenever provided by a specialist. Drug store meds can be sold without a remedy however just by a drug specialist. General Sales List drugs can be sold by any shop, not only a drug store. In any case, even here promoting, marking and creation limitations apply. drugscope. organization. uk Interviews were done with 68 individuals who were engaged with selling in the four markets. Seventy five percent of them were men. Their normal age at the hour of meeting was 31, and simply under a third had lived in the zones for their entire lives. Many had encountered disrupted early lives: over half had lived with a non-permanent family, in a childrens home or in secure convenience. Interviewees had commonly utilized liquor and illegal medications since the beginning. Many had disturbed instruction, over half being prohibited from school or leaving with no instructive capabilities. Almost completely had been in contact with the criminal equity framework, and more than 66% had carried out a jail punishment. All through the cooperation between the GP the social laborer and the administration client, and furthermore having invoked these pictures of substance miss use I was concerned I was going to discover it very difficult to identify with the administration client, and furthermore think that its hard to hold in my feelings. I felt just as the individual didn't esteem his own life and other around him, this at that point caused me to reevaluate my own qualities and conviction frameworks. I accept that my â€Å"use of self came into setting as I strived for validity with the administration client and I genuinely needed to accept that they were headed for recuperation. Anyway I despite everything regarded the qualities and morals I emphatically esteem in social work. I was unable to envision myself, what it must resemble to be dependent on a medication or liquor, and I have had this cliché picture of what it would resemble and how an individual would carry on with their life. I envisioned them to be without a ton of cash, and living in poor lodging conditions. Yet additionally envisioned them to spend time with an inappropriate group which might be a major impact on how they go about things. A portion of these apparent thoughts were upheld up by research or what I have found in the media. It is likewise particularly a cliché picture. Rogers (refered to in Thompson 1988) says that causing a judgment about individuals to can be a boundary to viability and is something I should know about in the event that I am to turn into an intelligent and reflexiv

An Assessment Of Human Resource Information System Information Technology Essay

An Assessment Of Human Resource Information System Information Technology Essay These days, we are in a profoundly unique and serious business globe. Hencea key individual or top administration of any association attempts to acquire a bigger portion of the current market. In such a domain, Information Technology (alluded to from this time forward as IT) and Information Systems (alluded to consequently with no guarantees) would hone the business procedure and smooth the elements of the everyday tasks. In spite of the fact that there are number of programming or ISs are accessible in an association, Human Resources Information System (alluded to from this time forward as HRIS) is the main framework which deals with human capital of the association. Along these lines, it is critical to have a powerful and proficient HRIS and it ought to be looked after appropriately. Particularly, framework of the media transmission associations ought to be comprised with creative innovations to provide food quality assistance through their fulfilled staff. HR (alluded to from this time forward as HR) Department should give more consideration to accomplish the wants of inside clients, for example, workers, center chiefs and ranking directors. As indicated by the pilot overview, about all the representatives in Sri Lanka Telecom PLC are utilizing HIRS which has been actualized island wide. Existing clients are facinga parcel of framework issues, for example, obsolete, off base, conflicting information, less dependability and ease of use, low execution, inadequate client preparing and above all poor commitment in deciding. Theseissues mightheavily affectthe companys HR capacities. The principle goals of this investigation are to survey the viability of existing HRIS actualized in Sri Lanka Telecom PLC and distinguish its suggestions, points of interest of presenting Online Performance Appraisal System (alluded to from now on as OPAS) to help the Strategic Human Resource Management (alluded to consequently as SHRM) in same association setting. To accomplish the above targets, the specialist needs to address various viewpoints and different classifications of representatives and all administrative and specialized troubles in utilizing the framework, client trainings, mistake of information, and utilization of web base sub sets of HRIS, and so forth. Calculated Background Principle focal point of this segment is to portray the fundamental ideas which would be utilized in the whole research study. What isHuman Resource Information Systems? Tannenbaum(1990, p. 27) characterizes that Human Resource Information System is the framework used to get, store, control, investigate, recover and convey related data with respect to an associations human resources.Nowadays, HRIS usefulness incorporates corporate correspondence, enrollment, choice, preparing, worker assessment study, pay, finance administrations and representative confirmation just as general data (NgaiWat 2006). Same time HRIS helps HR experts to concentrate on human capital investigation, however essentially having more data doesn't naturally prompt a superior examination (Roehling et al. 2005). HRIS is a significant instrument for some organizations. Indeed, even the little office needs to understand the advantages of utilizing HRIS to be increasingly productive. Normally,HR framework ought to give the ability to plan, control and oversee HR costs all the more adequately; accomplish improved proficiency and quality in HR dynamic; and improve representative and administrative profitability and viability. They likewise give brought together area to organization approaches, declarations, and connections to outer URLs, dependable correspondence procedures and spare paper by giving a simple access. There are two kinds of IS for HR Professional. The product accessible as electronic and work area based. Increasingly famous some HRIS modules are: Enlistment Participation and Leave Association graphs Representative self-administration (Employees can refresh individual data and view benefits determinations, nonappearance exchanges and finance data) Programmed cautions Advantages Administration (Save paper and postage, take a long time off the advantages open enlistment period, lessen organization time, and improve information precision) Preparing and advancements What is Human Resources the board? HR the executives is the way toward overseeing human capital in associations in a deliberate and organized way. This covers the activity investigations, arranging, selecting the perfect individuals for the activity in ideal time, overseeing wages and compensations, giving advantages and impetuses, preparing and advancement, execution assessment, settling questions, and speaking with all representatives inside the association. What is the Performance Appraisal System? The Performance Appraisal System (alluded to from this time forward as PAS) is a product program which gives the office to assess an individual workers execution and efficiency connect with goals of the association and pre-characterized rules in precise manner. By and large, execution evaluation meet is led once every year. A few organizations have actualized mid-year audit to screen the advancement of accomplishing singular targets. During the time spent PA talking with administrator gives criticism to the representatives, suggest trainings, and examine remuneration, disciplinary choices, or occupation status. Execution the board frameworks would adjust and oversee associations assets so as to accomplish corporate objectives through most elevated conceivable execution. What is the Strategic Human Resource Management? The key human asset the executives is relationship of key objectives and destinations of the association, with HR so as to expand efficiency, adaptability, to create authoritative culture and upper hand. HSRM includes as a vital SHRM accomplice to accomplish corporate objectives through HR capacities, for example, worker determination, enlistment, transporter improvement, advantage the executives, and so forth. Fundamental highlights of SHRM: There is an exact relationship with in general hierarchical key objectives and HR strategies and practices. HR the board designates a lot of their duties down the line. There are some sorting out outlines connecting singular HR intercessions commonly strong. Logical Background This segment covers the ebb and flow setting of the exploration concentrate in a word. A pilot review was led to recognize the relevant foundation of the Sri Lanka Telecoms (alluded to consequently as SLT) HRIS and utilized a semi-organized meeting rule to talk with six ranking directors who are connected to the HR gathering and other client bunch who are including usage and as of now utilizing the HRIS. Through the pilot review the scientist has distinguished the issues of the specific situation. Besides, SLT Annual reports were alluded to so as to distinguish their approaches and rehearses and furthermore Telecom Management Information System (hereinafter alluded as TMIS) archives, for example, client guides, engineering, charts were alluded. At present,Sri Lanka Telecom is the main Telecommunications Service Provider in Sri Lanka. Just because SLT presented a HRIS in year 2000 through a nearby organization. It included extremely essential HR works and encouraged basic activities. Anyway in year 2005 the framework was updated and right now utilizing new form which has many robotized HR forms staying up with the latest representative records, for example, finance, Attendance, individual data, preparing and improvement, advantage the board, and so forth. Boss Officer Human Resource (alluded to hereafter as CHRO) of Sri Lanka Telecom expressed that SLT had spent around 30 Million LKR for Telecom Management Information System to update the whole HR framework in 2005. In spite of the fact that, SLT is paying around 1.5 million LKR for the yearly support of HRIS there are some specialized and administrative issues accessible. A large portion of the clients who are utilizing existing framework face parcel of - issues, for example, out dated, erroneous, conflicting, data less unwavering quality and ease of use, low execution, inadequate client preparing and particularly poor commitment in dynamic. Human Recourse exercises are significant for any association to complete their everyday business exercises. As showing in Figure 1.1, there are twenty sub modules are accessible in TMIS and it begins from worker enlistment to termination.HR forms incorporate HR arranging, test evaluation data, enrollment, Employee Information Manager, moves, advancements, finance, reward, preparing improvement, participation leave, disciplinary, government assistance advantage the executives (for example advance, lodging advance, clinical repayment, circuit cottage reservations, quarters distribution). Module Overview of the Telecom Management Information System C:UsersSLTUSERDesktopTMIS Diagrams.jpg Figure 1.1.HRM Enterprise Module Overview.Reprinted from TMISV2 System Architecture Document (p.11), by Hsenid Business Solutions,2005. Reproduced with consent. Research Issue Despite the fact that, Sri Lanka Telecom PLC has been utilizing the current Human Resources Information System for the most recent decade, there is no adequate improvement in human asset the board and it doesn't bolster the vital dynamic. Besides, manual execution examination stem isn't added to the key human asset the board viably and effectively. Motivation behind the examination The point of this investigation is to evaluate the viability of existing Human Resource Information System actualized in Sri Lanka Telecom Public Listed Company (alluded to hereafter as PLC)and to comprehend climate existing sub frameworks and online applications are upheld to the key human asset the executives sufficiently. Particularly HRIS ought to be added to the dynamic in human asset the board. Result of this exploration would add to the assortment of information by filling existing hole in vital human asset the board of HRIS at SLT concentrates by examining senior HR troughs, center HR troughs and senior officials of other client bunches who are occupied with human resour

Article Review on Human Resource

Article Review on Human Resource Human Resource Article Review Nov 27, 2019 in Article Review Introduction This paper will analyze an article entitled Trade unions, collective bargaining, and macroeconomic performance: a review by Toke and Zafiris. The article discusses trade unions in respect to bargaining and macroeconomic performance in the market. According to this article, trade unions coordinate the microeconomic performance and results of labor market determinant through collective bargaining. The article gives a systematic empirical literature review of the subject where by what comes up in the review is from the different bargaining coverage and coordination. I agree with the authors views that the economic impact on trade union varies in different countries based on the application of organizational and institutional arrangements. Body Furthermore, bargaining coverage with high levels seems to relatively associate with poor economic performance, which can be mitigated through high bargaining coordination. I disagree with the authors argument that with or without the presents of consequences, labor market coordination is based on monetary policy to eliminate unemployment problem or else associated with the collective bargaining levels of industry. However, my view is that the collective bargaining consequences depend on various factors such as degree of coordinators to bargain, labor market share covered by the collective agreement rejected by individual contracts. The author, according to Marshall (1890), states that employers and union organizations are developed in asymmetry through contracting between employers and individual workers regarding bargaining power and access to information. Employment relations concerning different perception and labor rights are governed by individual agreements as compared to coll ective agreement. The collective agreement effects are conditional under any circumstances, which includes monetary policy regime, government, political orientation, and the governance capacity of the state provision. The authors view on the centralization is true. The article is of the opinion that national employers and nation union confederation can control wage levels, influence, and change economy patterns across the nation when collective bargaining power is centralized. This is only possible when the bargaining coordination is at the primary level, and national organization is controlling constituent organizational behaviors and avoiding wage drift. Furthermore, ideas on centralizing collective bargaining facilitate the internalization of externalization, which receives attention as far as some of the discussions were warranted. I oppose the fixing of ideas since there is no society whereby workers are under organized unions. .fod-banner { display: table; width: 100%; height: 100px; background-color: #04b5af; background-image: url('/images/banners/fod-banner-bg-1.png'), url('/images/banners/fod-banner-bg-2.png'); background-position: left center, right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; } .fod-banner .button { min-width: 120px; } .fod-banner-content { height: 100px; display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; color: #ffffff; width: 100%; text-align: center; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; } .fod-banner-content > span:first-child { font-size: 15px; font-weight: 100; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text { font-size: 16px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text span { font-size: 18px; color: #ffe98f; font-weight: bold; } .fod-banner-content-image { vertical-align: middle; } .fod-banner img.fod-banner-content-image { width: auto; } @media all and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1320px) { .fod-banner { background-image: none; } } @media all and (min-width: 845px) and (max-width: 992px) { .fod-banner-content > span:first-child { font-size: 18px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text { font-size: 20px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text span { font-size: 24px; } } @media all and (max-width: 740px) { .fod-banner { background-image: url('/images/banners/fod-banner-bg-2.png'); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; } } @media all and (max-width: 670px) { .fod-banner { background-image: none; } .fod-banner-content { padding: 15px 10px; } .fod-banner img, .fod-banner-content-discount-text { display: block; margin: 0 auto; } .fod-banner-content > span:first-child { font-size: 28px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text { font-size: 20px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text span { font-size: 24px; } } Limited time offer! Get 15% OFF your first order Order now It is true that due to externalities, negotiated wages are rather high. Centralizing bargaining process on the national levels makes the wage setters carry the burden of bargaining due to the increase in bargaining coalition. The economic improvement is a chivied by centralizing and coordinating bargaining power to create incentives in favor of wage restraints leading to higher total employment. According to Calmfors and Driffill (1988), in this article, the argument neglects the facts about competitive pressure of the labor market, the product, and systematic changes of demand due to the moderating effect on centralizing level. This is true since the competitive pressure has influence on the labor market hence it should be considered as one of the determinants. In addition, this is real since when the unions requested high nominal wage, firms avoid increasing product real wage and pass the burden to consumers through raising product prices. Unions view it as an unpleasant side effec t in conjunction with lowering the consumption real wage. This can cause the increased rate of unemployment since the reduction in consumption of the product is directly proportional to the reduction in demand of the product; thus few productions are required by the firm and low income is earned. The pressure from competitors in the same field at the firms level can provide better incentives to moderate the demand of wage. At the national level, there is relatively weak competitive pressure, which is compensated by a federation of unions taking the full cost of the action. Social partnership unions are the next ones to bear the burden of action; employers organization sufficiently encompasses to make unprofitable rent seeking. According to the views of Heitger and Olson, which are also featured in this article, there is no wage moderation on the above factors at the industry level. On the contrary, firms within the industry are able to pass substantial portion of demand wage to consumers and lower employment cost. Furthermore, industry-based unions frequently form lobby groups effectively looking for distributive favors from the government at the expense of the entire society. Conclusion In conclusion, it is clear that the article tells about the difference in the union density with little effect on the economic performance and with high bargaining coverage which can associate with a relatively poor economic performance. Those countries with the systematic coordination of bargaining process may arrive at a better economic result and get a more flexible labor market contrary to those countries whose systems are less coordinated and supported. It is important to consider different aspects of collective bargaining for micro economic impact. For instance, the high level of bargaining coordination reduces the side effect of high bargaining coverage on the unemployment. There is another view saying is that informal coordination of the wage bargaining process is frequently developed in labor markets with the absence of formal bargaining coordination. Bargaining coordination matters in times of social changes and rapid economic growth when the contribution differences appear less often in comparison to economic performance on stable economic conditions. Finally, the article was well elaborated, and the relationship between the bargaining coordination and centralization was well stated. This article details the authors view on economic improvement by reducing unemployment rates in the country.

The Proposed Corporate Social Responsibility - 1329 Words

Objective Washington Metropolitan region consists of some of the wealthiest and most educated people in the country. And yet thousands of people are homeless in the community. The proposed corporate social responsibility (CSR) program aims to reduce the homeless population in the region by implementing a financial education program in homeless shelters. Background According to Metropolitan Washington Council of Government (COG), as of 2014, there are 11,946 homeless individuals inhabit in Washington Metropolitan area. This region consists of Alexandria, Arlington Country, District of Columbia, Frederick Country, Loudoun Country, Montgomery Country, Price George’s Country, and Prince William County. Capital One is headquartered in McLean Virginia, which is the center for the Metropolitan area. It is our responsibility to get involved in local community issues. There are many different categories of homelessness in our community. HUD established four categories of homelessness. These categories are: (1) Individuals and families who lack a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence and includes a subset for an individual who is exiting an institution where he or she resided for 90 days or less and who resided in an emergency shelter or a place not meant for human habitation immediately before entering that institution; (2) Individuals and families who will imminently lose their primary nighttime residence; (3) Unaccompanied youth and families with children and youthShow MoreRelatedCorporate Ethics Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pageslooking out for the best interests of shareholders (Cross Miller, 2012). The board of directors was designed to monitor executives, however in practice this is not always the case (Cross Miller). Obviously this is monitoring is a necessary duty. 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Discussion on the Relationship of Abigail and John Adams

There have been numerous famous love stories along the years that have determined a place in history for some of the most extraordinary relationships of all times. These include the story of Antonio and Cleopatra, the fiction of Romeo and Juliet, or that of the characters from the film Love story. At the same time, in everyday life history has demonstrated that even high ranked personalities were and are the subjects of intense love stories that determine an improvement in the way in which they act or behave towards the society. One such example is the relationship and marriage of the American president Obama to his wife Michelle. They are said to be one of the most interesting presidential couples the United States had in its history (Voice of America, 2009) However, the Obama presidential couple was not among the most famous American presidential couples to mark the American history. The love story and relationship between Abigail and John Adams is by far one of the most interestin g and at the same time significant relations of the American political scene of all times. There are a lot of aspects to be considered in terms of the relationship between John and Abigail Adams. Their relationship was not only one of marriage but included different more complex elements that related to the historical events the two lived in the 18th century, from the American Revolution to the Drafting of the Constitution and the Adams Administration that implied for Abigail Adams theShow MoreRelatedEssay On Abigail Adams1921 Words   |  8 Pagesthe musical, none of them made as much of an impact and deserve as much credit as Abigail Adams. Born Abigail Smith in 1744, she grew up in Massachusetts with a decently wealthy family, which resulted in the opportunity to obtain a good education. 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As John Carswell, author of The Descent on England, states in his book: â€Å"But it would be far from logical to suppose that because the causes of 1688 were diplomatic, military, and political, or because they brought about no manifestRead MoreAnalysis Of The First Lady Of The United States Essay2543 Words   |  11 Pagesthe First Lady of The United States, Abigail Adams. Hello Abigail, thank you for agreeing to sit down with me and discuss many different topics. Abigail, as most of the nation knows, is married to President John Adams. Throughout his life, John has served two terms as Vice President to George Washington, is currently the President, a Founding Father, prominent leader of American Independe nce from Britain, a political theorist, lawyer, and diplomat. With John participating in the creation of the futureRead MoreRespectability: Politics in Early America in Founding Brothers by Joseph J. Ellis1507 Words   |  7 PagesIn Founding Brothers, Joseph J. Ellis discusses how the relationships of the founding fathers shaped the United States, looking not only at what happened historically but the myths that have prevailed in modern times. I have few issues with this book one of which is that the narrative often jumps from one time and place to another, and while it provides the relevant information and keeps the reader’s attention, it can be hard to follow at times. In addition there are times were he explains the sameRead More John Adams Essay2173 Words   |  9 Pages John Adams John Adams was born on October 30, 1735, in Massachusetts Bay. He was born in a well-to-do family of five. He is the eldest son and was named after his father, John Adams. Young Adams was able to receive a proper childhood education, as his father was a deacon of the Congregational church, as well as a lieutenant of the local militia. Despite his busy schedule, his main interest and occupation was farming. 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Effective Malaria Treatment In Tanzania Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

1 Introduction Malaria is a disease which is caused by mosquito bite on human organic structure. It threatens 1000s million people wellness in full Torrid Zones and semitropicss particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The influence of malaria on the wellness and economic systems is immense. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Malaria Treatment In Tanzania Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this part over one million people die every twelvemonth because of malaria and most of them kids under the age of five. To contend this staggering job it have in recent old ages been on the docket for both affected provinces and international giver bureaus. Access to an effectual and prompt intervention for immature kids and pregnant adult females is regarded as really of import. The ACCESS programmes aim is to turn to jobs sing entree to effectual and prompt malaria intervention in rural Tanzania. The result of the work should ensue in proper steps to heighten the cognition of recognize symptoms, the demand of right intervention and increase the handiness of medical specialty and quality of supervising. The most vulnerable groups which are kids under the age of five and pregnant adult females is focused in the plan. The country in Tanzania that are included in the survey is the two territory of Kilombero and Ulanga in the south-east. The two territories is separated by the Kilombero River and forms the Kilombero Vally floodplain. The handiness to the Kilombero territory is by a largely unpaved route that are connected to the Tanzania-Zambia main road. To make the Ulanga territory with vehicles the solely connexion is a motorised ferry over Kolombero River. 2 Undertaking facts The population of the two territories in 2002 were 517000 and most people get their supports from farming. For most households the agriculture is done in distant Fieldss in the flood plains. A consequence of the distance to the Fieldss is that households are forced to travel to their agriculture sites during the cultivating period. They spend up to six months in the Fieldss and during this clip unrecorded under simple conditions and are more open to mosquito. The cultivating period coincides with the high malaria transmittal season and as a consequence of this malaria spreads widely and repeatedly during this period. Based on these facts the Ifakara Health and Research and Development Center along with the Swiss Tropical Institute has examined and implemented a batch of malaria control intercessions like insecticide-treated cyberspaces ( ITN ) . In add-on to that there are two chief attacks in the ACCESS intercessions. Through societal selling attacks by increasing the petition for right malaria diagnosing and intervention throughout the community With the aid of preparation, instruction, enhanced supportive supervising and new nosologies make the supply of quality malaria case-management stronger. To advance these attacks three chief countries of intercessions has been undertaken. Area1: Behavior alteration Sensitization of community leaders Social selling chiefly through route shows Particular runs in Mother and Child Health ( MCH ) clinics Improved entree for families passing the cultivation period off from place Area2: Improved quality of attention in wellness installations Area3: Improved malaria instance direction in drug merchandising stores 3 Issues of SD sing this undertaking In the ACCESS undertaking issues refering SD which are stated below can be found. These issues are besides described how they are included in the three countries of intercessions that are involved in the programme. Health attention Education Human demands Gender Equity Economic Capacity edifice 3.1 Area 1 Sing the different actions undertaken in the behaviour alteration attack SD issues like wellness attention, instruction, human demands, gender and equity. a ) Health attention Through these societal selling messages the people aware strongly the malaria symptoms and immediate intervention the right medical specialty and good protecting equipment like ITN and IPTp ( Intermittent Preventive Treatment in gestation ) . B ) Education Dramatic shows at the roads having about malaria disease. To do people effectual attending dance competitions were conducted. Theater shows portraying right intervention through function dramas were performed. Effectss of malaria were taught through public talk. Besides cinema show on malaria intervention was run. Feedback Sessionss at the terminal for better interactions. During the feedback session promotion-materials were distributed to the audience. Posters and hoardings were put up in small towns and along roads. degree Celsius ) Human needs The acknowledgment of the demand to heighten the cognition about malaria and the undertakings undertaken in this intercession country interrelate to human demands. vitamin D ) Gender Pregnant adult females and female parents of kids under the age of five and kids under the age of five are the mark group for the undertaking. vitamin E ) Equity The undertaking stresses the importance of people?s handiness to entree wellness attention. During the cultivation period people stay in the Fieldss and the handiness to medicate is poorer. 3.2 Area 2 For the undertaking to better quality of attention in wellness installations aspects like instruction, economic and wellness are dealt with. a ) Health attention In this intercession enhanced quality of attention was focused chiefly. Correct diagnosing with the counsel from Integrated direction of childhood unwellness ( IMCI ) algorithm and enhanced laboratory diagnosing. Ordering the right drugs and exact dose of antimalarials, febrifuges. Proper and right advice on how to forestall malaria and better intervention. B ) Education The wellness installation staff were trained on malaria intervention through initial refresher preparation. Routine supportive supervising was strengthened. Introducing quality direction strategy at all wellness installations. degree Celsius ) Economic The preparation which was based on IMCI algorithm has proved that it is cost effectual since it was done by agencies of coaction between the staffs and council wellness direction squads in rural Tanzania. In add-on to that they have introduced rapid diagnostic trial ( RDT ) an impracticable thought to microscopy which was one time once more proved to be cost effectual. vitamin D ) Capacity edifice There was a Joint venture between supportive supervising and quality direction in order to increase their capacity. 3.3 Area 3 This intercession which reference to better malaria instance direction in drug merchandising stores concern SD issues sing capacity edifice and instruction. a ) Capacity edifice Through the debut of Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets ( ADDO ) in the two territories the trade channels and entree to medical specialties and pharmaceutical services enhanced. B ) Education To beef up the consciousness and behaviour of ADDO proprietors of and the forces the undertaking have provided instruction. 3.4 The ecological, economic and societal facets In a undertaking like ACCESS which focal point is to analyse and better intervention and attention for a disease the ecological portion have a minor impact in the work in this instance. Social and economic demands for people is more critical. The SD issues that are stated earlier all have to interrelate for a successful result of a undertaking like this. The demand for worlds in the country to acquire keep to proper medical specialty and intervention is obvious and this emphasis the human demand. The chosen attack to better the cognition amongst people to acknowledge symptoms and the demand for prompt intervention for illustration links instruction and wellness together. As the chief mark group is pregnant adult females, immature female parents and kids under five this can be regarded as a gender affair that is interrelated in all issues. Even if the people know how to handle malaria and they have accessibility to anti-malarias they need to hold money to buy it. In the respect of regional, national and international interrelatedness of a undertaking like this it can be benchmark and applied in different topographic points and to other diseases 4 Issues of SD excluded in the undertaking Torahs Even the authorities has taken some enterprises to set about effectual malaria intervention it would be better if the authorities has introduce or do some regulations and ordinances. Environment One could sing the exposure to mosquito in the Fieldss as an environmental issue but no measurings within the undertaking is taken 4.1 Suggestions/feedback related to this undertaking Torahs For illustration the authorities can do a regulation like household card for the poorer 1s while the hapless 1s non able to entree the quality and effectual intervention. Family card meant for acquiring medical specialties at a cheaper rate aided by authorities Environment Within the undertakings framework some probe sing the exposure and how to minimise it could hold been performed. Possibly some information on how to protect yourself against mosquito could hold been provided. Possibly some bio-friendly pesticide could be used during the mosquito genteelness period to cut down the degree of exposure during the cultivation period. 5 Consequences The sensitisation of community leaders were rather successful in the facet of engagement. On mean 90 % of the invited attended these meetings. The route shows were besides by and large good attended. The work forces were nevertheless 2,2 times more likely to hold attended these shows although adult females and kids was the focal point group in the undertaking. The particular runs done in MCH clinics have up to the beginning of 2007 resulted in that about 28 % of adult females in generative age has attended such session. In Ulanga have 89 % of the wellness installations received training Sessionss to better the cognition and in Kilombero that figure is 93 % . The handiness to proper medical specialties has in the two territories increased through the ADDO programme. The quality of advice in these accredited stores has besides shown to be better than in an ordinary drug store. 6 Decision To reason, this undertaking which was done by Ifakara with the great support from Swiss Tropical Institute and ACCESS has widely used SD constructs in every intercessions. The premier focal point of the undertaking dealt with wellness attention of people refering to a developing state which is one of the major points discussed in every acme of developed and developing states related to SD. In footings of wellness attention, instruction, human demands, gender and equity there were actions taken in the intercession 1 and in footings of quality of attention in wellness installations sing instruction, economic and wellness there were actions in intercession 2.In intercession 3 the chief facet of SD was to develop i.e. educate the store keepers every bit good as the poorer people. In such a mode the SD constructs has been widely used and researched by the ACCESS programme I. From the results and experiences of ACCESS I the ACCESS plan has started the 2nd stage in May 2008 and its premier focal point was enhanced handiness to effectual malaria intervention for pregnant adult females, kids under the age of five and immature female parents. The Phase II continuance is similar to phase I and it is about 3 old ages. How to cite Effective Malaria Treatment In Tanzania Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Accounts Settled A Review Essay Example For Students

Accounts Settled: A Review Essay Accounts Settled: A ReviewIn the book, Accounts Settled, there is only one major character namedGordon. Gordon is seventeen, six feet tall, and has the beginning of a beard. The main setting is in a forest-filled valley that is a mile from Gordons home. The story does not give a specific date but the most logical time this storytakes place is in the winter during the early 1900s. The inciting incident in the story is when Gordons dad came down withflu-pneumonia and Gordon must take his place in taking care of the trapline thathe had set up in the forest. The conflict of the story is internal and externalbecause Gordon had to face himself and nature. The rising action started whenGordon had a sense of fear as he went into the valley. The, the porcupine stolehis food and Gordon was going to kill it but remembered an old woodsman talethat its bad luck to ill a porcupine. Gordon then goes to bed, hungry and ittook him awhile to fall asleep. He later wakes up to find a cougar ready topounce on him. The cougar dose not strike yet because it is waiting for Gordonto move. Gordon knows better and stayed in the same position for what seemedlike hours. Suddenly, the porcupine returns to look for more food and thisdisrupts the cougar. The climax is when Gordon quickly reaches for his gun andshoots the cougar. The resolution is when Gordon cries the final tears of hisboyh ood and he is finally a man. This writer used suspense in his story many times. For instance, hiseyes held the boy unwinkingly as he waited in the fiendish way of cats for themoment when the man must stir, or make an attempt to escape, the moment when hisingrained fear of man would be swallowed up by the rising tide of his blood-lust and moments passed, horrible heart-thudding moments, during which neitherman nor animal stirred. Another method that the writer uses is foreshadowing. For instance, he wouldnt have minded tending the old line along the lake shore,but this haunted place- and Gordon had let it go at that, but he knew by theoccasional fuzz of nerves along his back that the secret shadowing still went on,and that it was more than an inquisitive surveillance.This author defiantly used a surprise ending because the porcupinereturning to find more food was a complete surprise. English

Biography of Alfred Wegener, German Scientist

Biography of Alfred Wegener, German Scientist Alfred Wegener (November 1, 1880–November 1930) was a German meteorologist and geophysicist who developed the first theory of continental drift and formulated the idea that a supercontinent known as Pangaea existed on the Earth millions of years ago. His ideas were largely ignored at the time they were developed, but today they are widely accepted by the scientific community. As part of his research, Wegener also took part in several journeys to Greenland, where he studied the atmosphere and ice conditions. Fast Facts: Alfred Wegener Known For: Wegener was a German scientist who developed the idea of continental drift and Pangaea.Born: November 1, 1880 in Berlin, GermanyDied: November 1930 in Clarinetania,  GreenlandEducation: University of Berlin (Ph.D.)Published Works: Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere (1911), The Origin of Continents and Oceans (1922)Spouse: Else Koppen Wegener  (m. 1913-1930)Children: Hilde, Hanna, Sophie Early Life Alfred Lothar Wegener was born on November 1, 1880, in Berlin, Germany. During his childhood, Wegeners father ran an orphanage. Wegener took an interest in physical and earth sciences and studied these subjects at universities in both Germany and Austria. He graduated with a Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Berlin in 1905. He briefly served as an assistant at the Urania Observatory in Berlin. While earning his Ph.D. in astronomy, Wegener also took an interest in meteorology and paleoclimatology (the study of changes in the Earths climate throughout its history). From 1906 to 1908 he went on an expedition to Greenland to study polar weather. In Greenland, Wegener established a research station where he could take meteorological measurements. This expedition was the first of four dangerous trips that Wegener would take to the icy island. The others occurred from 1912 to 1913 and in 1929 and 1930. Continental Drift Shortly after receiving his Ph.D., Wegener began teaching at the University of Marburg in Germany, and in 1910 he drafted his Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere, which would later become an important meteorological textbook. During his time at the university, Wegener developed an interest in the ancient history of the Earths continents and their placement. He had noticed, in 1910, that the eastern coast of South America and the northwestern coast of Africa looked as if they were once connected. In 1911, Wegener also came across several scientific documents stating there were identical fossils of plants and animals on each of these continents. He eventually articulated the idea that all of the Earths continents were at one time connected into one large supercontinent. In 1912, he presented the idea of continental displacement- which would later become known as continental drift- to explain how the continents moved toward and away from one another throughout the Earths history. In 1914, Wegener was drafted into the German Army during World War I. He was wounded twice and was eventually placed in the Armys weather forecasting service for the duration of the war. In 1915, Wegener published his most famous work, The Origin of Continents and Oceans, as an extension of his 1912 lecture. In that work, he presented extensive evidence to support his claim that all of the Earths continents were at one time connected. Despite the evidence, however, most of the scientific community ignored his ideas at the time. Later Life From 1924 to 1930, Wegener was a professor of meteorology and geophysics at the University of Graz in Austria. At a 1927 symposium, he introduced the idea of Pangaea, a Greek term meaning all lands, to describe the supercontinent that he believed existed on the Earth millions of years ago. Scientists now believe that such a continent did exist- it probably formed about 335 million years ago and began to split apart 175 million years ago. The strongest evidence of this is- as Wegener suspected- the distribution of similar fossils throughout continental borders that are now many miles apart. Death In 1930, Wegener took part in his last expedition to Greenland to set up a winter weather station that would monitor the jet stream in the upper atmosphere over the North Pole. Severe weather delayed the start of the trip and made it extremely difficult for Wegener and the 14 other explorers and scientists with him to reach the weather station. Eventually, 12 of these men would turn around and return to the groups base camp near the coast. Wegener and two others continued on, reaching the final destination of Eismitte (Mid-Ice, a site near the center of Greenland) five weeks after the start of the expedition. On the return trip to the base camp, Wegener became lost and is believed to have died sometime in November 1930 at the age of 50. Legacy For most of his life, Wegener remained dedicated to his theory of continental drift and Pangaea despite receiving harsh criticism from other scientists, many of whom believed the oceanic crust was too rigid to permit the movement of tectonic plates. By the time of his death in 1930, his ideas were almost entirely rejected by the scientific community. It was not until the 1960s that they gained credibility as scientists began studying seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. Wegeners ideas served as a framework for those studies, which produced evidence that supported his theories. The development of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in 1978 eliminated any residual doubt there may have been by providing direct evidence of continental movements. Today, Wegeners ideas are highly regarded by the scientific community as an early attempt at explaining why the Earths landscape is the way it is. His polar expeditions are also highly admired and today the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research is known for its high-quality research in the Arctic and the Antarctic. A crater on the Moon and a crater on Mars are both named in Wegeners honor. Sources Bressan, David. â€Å"May 12, 1931: Alfred Wegeners Last Journey.† Scientific American Blog Network, 12 May 2013.Oreskes, Naomi, and Homer E. LeGrand.  Plate Tectonics: An Insiders History of the Modern Theory of the Earth. Westview, 2003.Wegener, Alfred.  The Origin of Continents and Oceans. Dover Publications, 1992.Yount, Lisa.  Alfred Wegener: Creator of the Continental Drift Theory. Chelsea House Publishers, 2009.

The Flappers of the 20s essays

The Flappers of the 20's essays Before the start of World War I, the Gibson Girl was the rage, she wore her long hair loosely on top of her head and wore a long straight skirt and a shirt with a high collar. She was feminine but also broke through several gender barriers for her attire allowed her to participate in sports, including golf, roller skating, and bicycling. In the 1920s, a new woman was born. She smoked, drank, danced, and voted. She cut her hair, wore make-up, and went to petting parties. She was giddy and took risks. She was a flapper. Teens of the 20's invented dating. It was a more flexible way of meeting and seeing each other that was not as supervised as it had been in the past. Previously, boys had to be courting a girl, they had to be committed, and girls had to be engaged to them in order to go out with them. Dating permitted people to see each other, discover each other without proclaiming an intent to marry. Petting was of course a popular and well received pastime for the youth. It allowed a girl to have erotic interaction without endangering herself with an unwanted or out of wedlock child. Petting could mean kisses or fondling, but it stopped just short of intercourse, and while parents equated petting with fornication, teenagers did not, and their peer group would still accept them and respect them. Intimacy and eroticism was explored within the confines of a majority of virginal women. In 1920s skirts were nine inches off the ground. By 1927, they were up to the knee. It wasn't just the long skirts that were done away with, it was also the undergarments; garters, petticoats, and corsets were no longer appropriate for the free wheeling times. Girls needed to be able to move, to dance, to swing and sway. Stockings were rolled, and the sheerer the better. Legs were more exposed than ever before, and freedom from restrictive underwear gave women more mobility and more stamina. Now ...

Reflection on Graduation From Medical College Essay

Reflection on Graduation From Medical College - Essay Example If not for the burning urge to help others that resides within me, I am sure I would have given up on my course. The challenges that I faced during my learning years were enormous. One of the challenges that I managed to overcome is my fear of human organs (for their delicate nature) and handling people who are in great pain. In spite of the challenges, today I stand tall, confident that I have mastered many of my earlier fears and conquered the challenges that I thought spelled my doom. The success that I have achieved so far has not only increased my yearning for more knowledge but also my sense of responsibility. Wherever I am, I feel that I need to help someone who is in need. This sense of responsibility sits heavy on my shoulder and I keep wondering whether I will be able to help everyone in need all at the same time. I enjoyed my time in college; lectures, time with friends, and practical sessions. To me, college was like a home away from home. I must admit that without the help and support of my family, friends, colleagues, and professors, I would not be the success story that I am today. I am most grateful to every one of the giants upon whose shoulders I rode to success.

Opportunity and Inequality in the United States Term Paper

Opportunity and Inequality in the United States - Term Paper Example The very human being used these factors to be markers of superiority or inferiority. Based on these stereotypes, avenues were instituted to propagate and enable these stereotypes. As such, the best schools belonged to a given race or sex, the best jobs began to be occupied by a specific social class or race or sex, specific social places got reserved for specific people etc. In effect, inequality had been instituted by such practices. Those propagating the inequality and the victims of the inequality believed in the practice, with the former group feeling elated as the latter embraced great resentment against the former. The practice continued for centuries until the very human beings that had started it started to see the evil in the practice and as such started to fight it. They are fighting to abolish classification is society along economic, racial, gender and ethnic grounds (Gilbert, 2002). Policies have since been put in place to equalize people, movements have voiced their res entments against he practice and the results The practice has receded to "under the carpet". If you though inequality is dead, you have to think again. This paper seeks to highlight the practice of inequality in the United States by looking at the equal opportunities in the same land. The paper will start by looking at the equal opportunities in the US before it finally highlights the forms of inequalities witnessed in the US. Factors Fuelling Inequality in the US As mentioned in the introduction, a number of factors have been in use to propagate the practice of inequality in the US. These factors have often been both physical and the supposed genetic attributes. Both have hitherto been used to assign all the statuses in the society which would atheism been assigned on equal terms. Race is one such factor. Racial inequality has been and still is rampant in the US. The worst of it is the manifestation in which a white individual is 90% not likely to be a suspect in a crime scene as opposed to a black individual or anyone form the Middle East who will almost be 100% criminal suspects. Ethnicity, besides gender has been the strongest instigator of inequality. Aboriginal or not, foreigner or citizen etc just demonstrates the use of ethnic inequality which is seen in the allocations of resources, positions and status in the society. Gender is yet another factor in which hitherto women have been relegated until recently when they moved their asserti veness to an all time high level. Women fought so hard to assert their position in the society and as they did this they were labeled feminists. In as much as there could be feminists, the underlying factor is that there is inequality at whatever level conceivable in the society. Other factors include wholeness of body and mind in which the physically and/or mentally challenged individuals have unequal allocation of resources, position or even statuses. Generally, inequality is never a facade nor is it a mirage; it is a reality and the US citizens are consciously or otherwise basking in this very reality of inequality

Early Intervention for Child with Visual Impairment

Early Intervention for Child with Visual Impairment Discuss the role of early intervention for children with visual impairments Introduction The whole area of visual impairment is a complex and difficult field. Children may either be born with a degree of visual impairment or they may acquire visual impairment at some stage after birth. Some defects may be comparatively obvious and easily detectable other may be very subtle and not obvious for some time. Visual defects may occur as a single lesion or may be part of a larger spectrum of congenital or acquired problems. They can be directly referable to the eye itself, as in the case of infantile cataracts, or may be as a result of more diffuse trauma such as cerebral palsy or perhaps a genetic error of metabolism or even infections such as meningitis. In this essay we intend to consider the role and value of early intervention together with an assessment of the value of screening which is obviously part of the same consideration. The mechanism of examination of the issue will be by means of a critical review of some of the relevant literature which has been recently published on the subject Screening There are many definitions of screening. Perhaps one of the best for our purposes comes from Wald (1) The systematic application of a test or enquiry, to identify individuals at sufficient risk to benefit from further investigation or direct preventive action, amongst persons who have not sought medical attention on account of symptoms of that disorder Screening is a common practice in many areas of the NHS. Whenever it is discussed, it is usually accompanied by prolonged discussions relating to cost-effectiveness and efficacy. With specific regard to visual impairment, screening for conditions that can produce visual impairment at an early age is utterly essential because of the development in early life of the visual processing pathways in the visual cortex (see below). (2) There is a window of opportunity for correction, which rapidly closes depending on the nature and severity of the visual impairment. Because of the dire implications for vision in later life, the cost effectiveness of such screening procedures are seldom applied in this area. This does not mean to say that considerations of efficacy are not valid (see below), but simply that it is not possible to put an appropriate value on a person’s sight. (3) Clearly the purpose of a screening programme is to try to identify those individuals who may be at risk of developing a potentially treatable condition. It is not a diagnostic service. There will usually be both false positives and false negatives. The importance of the National Screening programme is to identify those individuals who would benefit from further specialist assessment. A good place to start is the paper by Rahi (4). This study was designed to consider the efficacy of the screening programme in detecting a comparatively straightforward, although not necessarily easy to detect, lesion – the congenital and infantile cataract. The study was a cross sectional design study with an entry cohort of nearly 250 children under the age of 15 yrs. The object of the exercise was to ascertain the proportion of these children who were detected and treated at 3 months and I year of age. The significance of this study is that it highlights either the difficulty of diagnosis (or possibly the inefficiency of the system) as the results were poor by any interpretation. The paper itself is quite detailed and comprehensive, but the results that are relevant to our considerations in this essay are that only 35% of congenital cataracts were diagnosed at the routine new-born examination and only another 12% had been diagnosed by the time of the 6-8 week examination. Only 57% of the cohort had been seen and assessed by an ophthalmologist by the time they were 3 months old and a further 33% had not been examined or assessed by the time that they were one year old. The authors comment that their study showed that the prime reason for getting an assessment was because of the carer’s concerns in about 40% of all cases. We shall consider the importance of early assessment, accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment later in this essay, but it is clear from these figures that all three of these eventualities are denied to a very substantial proportion of children and infants with possible adverse consequences for their subsequent visual acuity. In all areas of medicine, we should ideally work from a rational and verifiable evidence base. (5) Given the fact that we can point to evidence that shows that a significant proportion of children with one (at least) visual defect are not routinely detected, we should examine the evidence base for the assumption that early detection is important. For the sake of clarity we will initially confine our considerations to the circumstance of infantile cataract. We do know that infantile cataract is an important and potentially avoidable cause of visual handicap.(6) The resultant stimulus deprivation of the optic tract and visual cortex (7) caused by the inability of the retina to receive normal images, because of the distortion caused by the cataract, produces various degrees of amblyopia.(8) There is a substantial body of evidence to show that in order to optimise the eventual outcome, particularly with the denser forms of cataract, that corrective surgery needs to ideally have been carried out before the age of three months.(9) Because of the developmental importance of the early visual stimulus it is reasonable to assume that the earlier that corrective treatment can be implemented, the better the result is likely to be (10) Although we have initially considered the impact of early screening for the condition of infantile cataract, it follows that other conditions can equally well be screened with the same rationale for early treatment. If we accept that early treatment is the â€Å"gold standard† in childhood visual impairment (11), then it is possible to predict some populations of high risk births that will clearly need increased surveillance. Many of the genetic disorders which can cause visual impairment can be predicted (at least in statistical terms) and the children specifically assessed at birth (12) The majority of the papers examined with regard to infantile cataract are of the same opinion that early treatment is vital to secure any hope of reasonable visual acuity. The evidence base for some other conditions of visual impairment is nowhere near as clear, and in some places, frankly contradictory. If we consider the implications for other conditions of visual impairment in childhood we should consider the paper by Clarke MP (13) which specifically considers the efficacy of treatment of a unilateral visual impairment in the 3-5 yr. old age range. This is particularly relevant to our considerations here because the trial itself was well constructed and has a meaningful outcome. In broad terms, nearly 200 children who were identified as having a degree of unilateral visual impairment were allocated into two groups. One group had â€Å"appropriate treatment† the other had no treatment. The authors note that all children had treatment after the six month observation period. the children who received â€Å"full treatment† with glasses universally had better visual acuity than those who did not receive treatment. Interestingly, the mean treatment effect between the two groups was only one line on the Snellen chart. The degree of improvement was proportional to the degree of original impairment. The specific conclusions of this particular study are worth quoting verbatim:- Treatment is worth while in children with the poorest acuity, but in children with mild (6/9 to 6/12) unilateral acuity loss there was little benefit. Delay in treatment until the age of 5 did not seem to influence effectiveness. It is worth considering these conclusions in more detail as they have distinct relevance to the need for early intervention. The authors point out that there is a tendency for amblyopia to undergo a degree of spontaneous improvement which is consistent with the results of another trial (14). It is also fair to point out that other trials do not concur. Simons K (15) suggest that untreated amblyopia will deteriorate with time. The authors feel that, on balance, they recommend the continued wearing of glasses until the age of 7, even if the visual acuity returns to normal before this time, to prevent the development of refractory amblyopia. (16) When the authors compared the results of their study with children from districts who did not receive pre-school screening, the follow up study showed that deferring their treatment did not limit their potential for improvement and, very significantly, it nearly halved the number of children that needed to wear eye patches at all. (17) On the basis of this evidence the authors felt able to conclude that it is the acuity at presentation rather than the chronological age of the child, that is the most important determinant of eventual outcome. This is consistent with a similar study by Hardman-Lea SJ (18) They actually quantified this by stating that:- Children with a moderate acuity loss of 6/18 or worse showed a clear cut response to treatment, which itself arguably justifies screening to identify and treat these children. In contrast, children with mild acuity loss, who represent over half those identified with unilateral acuity impairment at screening in this and other studies, received little benefit from either treatment. This level of impairment, though often excluded from studies, is still commonly treated in routine clinical practice. We argue that children with 6/9 in only one eye should no longer constitute screen failures and do not justify treatment, even with glasses. Rather disturbingly the trial threw up one (probably statistical) anomaly:- The glasses group with moderate initial acuity, in whom patching treatment was deferred, showed no overall gain in acuity at post-trial follow up. While this is probably a random effect, it raises the question whether prior refractive correction might in some way limit the effectiveness of subsequent patching. Clearly this cannot be regarded as based on firm evidence, but raises the spectre that early treatment may actually be detrimental. If we consider a more technically sophisticated study (19) Weiss A et al 2004) that looked at visually evoked potentials (VERs) in amblyopic children and compared the ages of instigation of treatment (patching) and the detectable effects on the VERs. This is an extremely complex paper but careful weighing and critical analysis of the results shows that, as far as amblyopic children are concerned, the critical window for demonstrating and exploiting cortical neuronal plasticity extends up to the age of ten.( also 20). Although this paper specifically does not comment on the fact, an earlier paper by the same author (21) points to the fact that the plasticity, and therefore adaptability, progressively diminishes from about the age of five onwards The PEDI Group (22) complicate the findings further with their contention that treating amblyopic children in the 3-7 yr. age range did not produce significantly different clinical outcomes when compared to an older age range Screening, in general terms, has been overhauled by the National Screening Committee (23) which has sought to apply the classic Wilson Junger (24) criteria to all aspects of NHS screening. Within the recommendations of this body, various specialist organisations have produced their own guidelines. In the UK, the need for early visual impairment screening is recognised. Clearly this is different from being done efficiently in all cases. The most authoritative guidance that is currently available in this country is that which is based on the recommendations of the two national working parties who produced a joint report. The Royal Colleges of Ophthalmologists and Paediatrics and Child Health (25) The current recommendations include an inspection of the eyes together with an evaluation of the red reflex at birth and then a fuller assessment which would include an examination for the presence of squint and visual behaviour generally at about 6-8 weeks. (26) Later on in childhood there are other specified screening procedures which are designed to detect abnormalities such as strabismus, abnormalities of colour vision and reduced visual acuity although an examination of the literature would suggest that the pick up rate is surprisingly small (27). This particular author suggests this is mainly because the vast majority of cases are brought to the attention of the primary healthcare teams by the carers before screening is carried out. In this essay we have conducted a brief overview of some of the relevant literature in the field of early detection of visual impairment. The results are disappointingly confusing. Some areas appear to have a fairly clear cut and universal agreement, others seem to produce well constructed studies that offer seemingly mutually exclusive results. (28). The area of the infantile or congenital cataract appears to be one of those areas where there is fairly universal agreement that early treatment is beneficial, but the biggest stumbling block appears to be the comparative inability to pick up or detect the abnormality in a clinical screening setting. Although we have not presented firm evidence, as it is not directly relevant to our discussions, there is also the problem that surgical intervention, although obviously helpful in terms of preserving vision, may actually have a down side that iatrogenic glaucoma is a possibility in later life. (10) The converse situation appears to apply to the amblyopic patient, or the patient with strabismus. We have presented evidence that appears to be frankly contradictory. Although it appears easier to detect these abnormalities in the older child there is considerable disparity in opinion about whether early treatment is either beneficial, or in the case of one of the papers presented, even helpful. It is clearly difficult to form an opinion with any sort of firm evidence base in these circumstances. Although it is reassuring to read a paper and find that the authors call for â€Å"more research to be done† in that particular area, it does not help those practitioners currently working in the clinical field, to come to a firm view on whether early treatment is either indicated, useful or even necessary in these particular circumstances. References Wald NJ. Guidance on terminology. J Med Screen 1994;1:76. Barnes GR, Hess RF, Dumoulin SO, Achtman RL, Pike GB. The cortical deficit in humans with strabismic amblyopia. J Physiol. 2001;533:281–297 National Screening Committee. First report of the National Screening Committee. Health Departments of the United Kingdom, 1998. (4) Jugnoo S Rahi and Carol Dezateux National cross sectional study of detection of congenital and infantile cataract in the United Kingdom: role of childhood screening and surveillance BMJ, Feb 1999; 318: 362 365 (5) Berwick D 2005 Broadening the view of evidence-based medicine Qual. Saf. Health Care, Oct 2005; 14: 315 316. (6) Foster A, Gilbert C. Epidemiology of visual impairment in children. In: Taylor D, ed. Paediatric ophthalmology. 2nd ed. London: Blackwell Science, 1997:3-12. (7) Taylor D. Congenital cataract: the history, the nature and the practice. The Doyne lecture. Eye 1998; 12: 9-36 (8) Campos E. Amblyopia. Surv Ophthalmol 1995; 40: 23-39 (9) Lloyd IC, Dowler JGF, Kriss A, Speedwell L, Thompson DA, Russell-Eggitt I, et al. Modulation of amblyopic therapy following early surgery for unilateral congenital cataracts. Br J Ophthalmol 1995; 79: 802-806 (10) M Vishwanath, R Cheong-Leen, D Taylor, I Russell-Eggitt, and J Rahi Is early surgery for congenital cataract a risk factor for glaucoma? Br. J. Ophthalmol., July 1, 2004; 88(7): 905 910. (11) Barrett BT et al. 2004 B. T. Barrett, A. Bradley, and P. V. McGraw Understanding the Neural Basis of Amblyopia Neuroscientist, April 1, 2004; 10(2): 106 117. (12) Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine Section on Ophthalmology. Eye examination and vision screening in infants, children and young adults. Pediatrics 1996; 98: 153-157 (13) M P Clarke, C M Wright, S Hrisos, J D Anderson, J Henderson, and S R Richardson Randomised controlled trial of treatment of unilateral visual impairment detected at preschool vision screening BMJ, Nov 2003; 327: 1251 ; (14) Hard AL, Williams P, Sjostrand J. Do we have optimal screening limits in Sweden for vision testing at the age of 4 years? Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1995;73: 483-5 (15) Simons K, Preslan M. Natural history of amblyopia untreated due to lack of compliance. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83: 582-7. (16) Kutschke P, Scott W, Keech R. Anisometropic amblyopia. Ophthalmology 1999: 258-63 (17) World Health Organization. Elimination of avoidable visual disability due to refractive errors. Geneva: WHO, 2000. (18) Hardman-Lea SJ, Loades J, Rubinstein MP. The sensitive period for anisometropic amblyopia. Eye 1989;3: 783-90 (19) AH. Weiss and J. P. Kelly Spatial-Frequency-Dependent Changes in Cortical Activation before and after Patching in Amblyopic Children Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., October 1, 2004; 45(10): 3531 3537. (20) Barnes G, Hess R, Dumoulin S, Achtman R, Pike G. The cortical deficit in humans with strabismic amblyopia. J Physiol 2001;533: 281-97. (21) Weiss AH. Unilateral high myopia: optical components, associated factors, and visual outcomes. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:1025–1031. (22) PEDI Group 2002 Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. The clinical profile of moderate amblyopia in children younger than 7 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:281–287. (23) National Screening Committee. First report of the National Screening Committee. Health Departments of the United Kingdom, 1998. (24) Wilson JMG, Jungner G. Principles and practice of screening for disease. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 1968. (25) Royal Colleges 1994 Royal College of Ophthalmologists and British Paediatric Association. Ophthalmic services for children. Report of joint working party. London: RCO, BPA , 1994. (26) Hall DM. Health for all children. 3rd ed. Report of the third joint working party on child health surveillance. Oxford: Oxford University Press , 1996. (27) Snowdon SK, Stewart-Brown SL. Preschool vision screening. Health Technol Assess 1997;1:i-83. (28) Clare Gilbert and Haroon Awan Blindness in children BMJ, Oct 2003; 327: 760 – 761 18.11.05 PDG Word count 3,010

Local or National Issue

In this essay, an attempt will be made to assess the important issue: ‘America’s dependence on foreign oil’.   In the context of steeply rising oil prices, it is important that the American government devises strategy to reduce its dependence on foreign oil. The USA is one of most developed countries in the world and it has been using large amount of oil resources. There has been increase in the demand for oil from the American citizens. Oil is essential for the economic progress of any nation in the modern world. However, America is not self-sufficient in the oil production. This would mean that it needs to import huge quantity of oil from the foreign countries particularly the Islamic countries in the Middle East. At the same time the American president has declared a ‘war on terror’ particularly on the Islamic terrorists. The Islamic terrorists have not taken this declaration lightly and this is proved by their continued attack on the American embassies and people all over the world. The Islamic countries possess huge reserves of oil. The lack of huge oil reserve is the main limitation of the American economy. This limitation has been utilized by the anti American terrorist groups.   The American government has been importing huge amount of oil from the foreign countries and in the process it has been paying huge amount of dollars to the Islamic countries. One can suggest that this dependence of America on foreign oil has encouraged the Islamic terrorist activities as they obtain the American dollars directly or indirectly through the sale of oil to America. This would imply that the American government has been paying to the terrorist groups to indulge in anti-American activities. For example, it is well known that Osama bin Laden obtained financial support from contributions from the Islamic nations. This has limited the ability of the American government to fight against terrorism. The American dependence on foreign oil also has affected the American economy particularly due to the great increase in the price of oil. The oil producing nations enjoy monopoly over the oil production and sale. They can control the oil price and its supply. This has reduced the autonomy of America in world politics. The American government needs to avoid the repetition of the terrorist attacks on the American nation. For this, Americans need to enjoy energy self-sufficiency. (Gal, 2004) The government and the people can contribute to the oil self-sufficiency by reducing oil consumption. The government needs to encourage the scientists to develop alternative energy resources. For example, recently the scientists have found that oil can be replaced by energy resources such as electricity, ethanol, bio-diesel, hydrogen fuel and such other alternative fuels. Already, a few cars which can use alternative fuels have been produced by the American car manufacturers. The government needs to encourage the consumers to use such alternative fuels in their cars in order to improve the financial strength of the country. This would also reduce the financial strength of the Islamic terrorist organizations as they mostly depend on the American dollars in the form of oil exports to America. The government should introduce legislations to provide incentive to alternative fuel producers and consumers so that in all the provinces of the USA people would become aware of the need to save precious American dollar in order to fight the war against terror. By introducing such alternative fuels in the cars, it is possible to save huge amount of dollars which otherwise would have been spent for the purpose of purchasing oil from the foreign countries. Alternative fuel production plants also would lead to improved economic condition of America. This shows that the American government needs to establish oil independence. Bibliography Luft, Gal. (October 2004). Ending America’s Dependence on Middle East Oil. The Middle East Forum Protecting American Interests. Retrieved 31 March 2006 from   

Fresh Water Essay

1. Introduction Fresh water is an indispensable resource for human livelihood, agricultural irrigation and economic development (Brooks, 2007). However, due to the rapid population growth and the limited reserves, increasing regions have faced serious scarcity of fresh water (Williamson, 2010). Saudi Arabia is one of the driest countries in the world (CIA, 2011). According to World Bank (2011), the world average fresh water consumption is nearly 7000m ³/year/person, while the water resource per capita in Saudi Arabia is less than 1200m ³/year/person. In order to satisfy the demand for water, Saudi Arabia currently supplies fresh water via deep drilling of fossil groundwater (UNESCO, 2009). Nevertheless, society increasingly recognises that those water resources are non-renewable and are liable to be reduced by the overexploited boreholes and wells. Thus Saudi Arabia needs to find alternative and sustainable methods to solve these issues. Since there is abundant sea water around Saudi Arabia, large-scale desalination could be the ideal solution to water scarcity. However, the expensive cost and the detrimental influence on the environment might limit the scale and sustainability of this method. Due to the cheap cost and the minor environmental damage, wastewater reuse is regarded as another potential solution. However, it seems to have a low social acceptance. Therefore, this report will compare the feasibility of desalination and water reuse in terms of cost, social acceptance and environmental impacts, thereby exploring the most suitable method to deal with the scarcity of water in Saudi Arabia. 2. Background Saudi Arabia is located in the Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea (CIA, 2011). It is famous for the abundant reserves of oil and gas. However, the fresh water resources in Saudi Arabia are very limited. According to World Bank (2011), there is no one river and lake with perennial water throughout this country. Furthermore, due to the influence of the subtropical climate, the annual precipitation is only about 100 mm and the climate is hot and dry (ibid.). Additionally, rapid population growth has caused higher increase of demand for water (Abderrahman, 2000). Shortages of water have constrained the development of agriculture and economy (Williamson, 2010). Since the underground water is estimated to be able to supply for 320 years, the underground water is still the principal source of water at present (UNESCO, 2009: 100). However, with the increasing awareness of defects of this method, the focus of the future development of water provision has shifted to other sustainable water technologies. In order to deal with fresh water shortages, desalination has received enormous investments. According to Abu-Arabi (2007), in 2004 the number of desalination industries reached 30 and they can supply 1.1 billion cubic metres of fresh water per year. Wastewater reuse is regarded as another future means of water provision. According to Bashitialshaaer et al (2009), in 2009 there were 33 wastewater treatment plants with a capacity of 748 billion cubic metres per year. 3. Requirements Cost should be the principal consideration of water provision because an expensive cost might limit the scale of application of methods. This also includes the cost of energy consumption. Social acceptance plays a significant role in the development of water supply technologies. If the water cannot be accepted by society, it will lead to very little consumption. Environment has a profound influence on human beings. In order to prevent water supply technology undermining the environment, its impacts on the environment should be considered. 4. Presentation of options 4.1 Desalination Desalination is â€Å"a specific treatment process to take minerals from saline water to purify for drinking water and irrigation† (Al-Sahlawi, 1999). Sometimes this process is used to take salinity and other pollutants from wastewater. The general method of desalination is reverse osmosis or multi-stage flash distillation (Lone Star Chapter of the Sierra Club, 2008). 4.2 Water Reuse Water reuse means treating wastewater to a specific quality, and then using treated or reclaimed water from one application for another application (McKenzie, 2005; Asano, 2006). The resources for wastewater reuse are various; according to Asano (2006), they could be domestic wastewater, industrial sewage, municipal sewage or agricultural wastewater. 5. Comparison of Options 5.1 Cost Although the cost of desalination has decreased dramatically in the past three decades, it is still expensive to use in large scale. Alghariani (2003) points out that the expenditure of desalination consists of initial investment for equipment, running costs (including staff and maintenance), as well as chemicals or specialised parts. At present, according to the Third World Water Assessment Report (UNESCO, 2009: 155), the average cost of desalination is between $0.60/m ³ and $0.80/m ³. Moreover, Owens and Brunsdale (2000, cited in Alghariani, 2003: 5) claim that the cost of desalination in Florida can even be less than $0.55/m ³, which is one-tenth of the cost price in 1979. However, as Wright (2009) points out, this cost is still higher than other water supply technologies. Apart from expenditure, desalination is generally considered a high-cost process due to the enormous energy consumption (Abu-Arabi, 2007). Nevertheless, this does not seem to be a problem for Saudi Arabia. According to the CIA (2010), the proven oil and gas reserves in Saudi Arabia are respectively the first and fifth in the world. As Abu-Arabi (2007) points out, in Saudi Arabia the annual solar energy received by each square kilometre of land is equivalent to 1.5 million barrels of crude oil. Abundant energy may lead to a low price. Nevertheless, oil is non-renewable and oil reserves are estimated to last less than one century (World Energy Council, 2010), so the consumption of energy should be taken into account as a considerable cost. Moreover, the treatment of the waste gas generated by desalination also increases the cost (Al-Sahlawi, 1999). The cost of water reuse is influenced by various factors such as treatment level, intended reuse options, location of treatment, wastewater collection and transportation. According to Qadir et al (2009), the average cost of recycling water is approximately $1.79 per cubic metre. However, compared to desalination, wastewater reuse has the advantage of cost. Fryer (2010) demonstrates that the relative marginal cost of seawater desalination is higher than water recycling, and amounts to up to $2000 per acre-foot. The water recycling represented a general fluctuation pattern between approximately $300 and $1000 per acre-foot (Fryer, 2010). Even so, water recycling appears cheaper than desalination. 5.2 Social acceptance While both options can generate safe water, desalination seems to have higher social acceptance. Sloane (2009) investigated the acceptance of desalination and water reuse at Nourieh Palms. As shown in Table 2, in all areas but particularly drinking water, the approval rate for desalination is higher than water reuse. This reflects that more people trust the quality of water which is generated by desalination. Source: Sloane (2009: 128) For most uses, reclaimed water tends to have lower social acceptance than desalination. There are various reasons why people do not trust reclaimed water. First, most people do not understand the difference between treated and untreated water (McKenzie, 2005). Secondly, they are often concerned about the type of wastewater, treatment levels and the availability of information (Qadir, 2009). There are particular concerns with the wastewater produced by the petroleum industry, brought to the surface when drilling oil. This kind of wastewater is difficult to treat due to the high content of oil (Asatekin and Mayes, 2009). Therefore, though reclaimed water undergoes a very thorough treatment process which makes it entirely safe to drink, the public are reluctant to drink treated sewage. However, it is not impossible that people will accept drinking such treated sewage. For example, Singapore has successfully used reclaimed water, a product named NEWater, to supply drinking water (Tortajada, 2006). This reflects that treated wastewater could become widely accepted through public education. 5.3 Influence on environment There are some environmental disadvantages of desalination. Since Saudi Arabia is rich in oil and gas, clean energy such as solar energy tends to be used less than fossil energy (Al-Sahlawi, 1999). The overuse of fossil energy may cause serious environmental pollution. For instance, oil might generate large quantities of carbon dioxide, which is the main factor leading to global warming (Al-Aza, 2005). Furthermore, the gas emissions from oil could undermine the ozone layer and cause acid rain (ibid.). In addition to environmental pollution caused by fossil energy, brine discharge is another serious problem. After desalination, the brines generally have a higher concentration of salt, nearly twice that of natural seawater (Tsiourtis, 2002). The brines are generally discharged back to the same place where the seawater comes from. This might lead to increased concentration of salt in the sea, which is a potential threat to aquatics. In contrast with the desalination, wastewater reuse is regarded as an eco-friendly way to supply fresh water. Recycling water can maximise the use of rainfall and other current water resources so that the limited underground water resources can be conserved (Miller, 2005). In the meantime, decreased energy consumption could reduce the pollution caused by the use of fossil energy (Ghermandi et al, 2007). Therefore, recycled water is a sustainable and eco-friendly method to supply good quality fresh water. 6. Conclusion From the information given above, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) Both desalination and wastewater reuse are feasible water supply technologies. 2) The cost of desalination has decreased dramatically, but is still far more than water reuse. Desalination requires more capital and energy. 3) Reclaimed water has low public acceptance, especially for drinking water. 4) Desalination could undermine the environment, while water reuse is eco-friendly. 7. Recommendation Considering the cost and the impact on the environment, wastewater reuse is recommended to be used as the main water supply technology. Although the public acceptance of recycled water is lower than desalination, the example of Singapore has proven that reclaimed water could be accepted in daily life. Desalination is a costly water supply technology. Furthermore, it needs a vast amount of energy. Even if Saudi Arabia has abundant oil and gas reserves, as these resources are non-renewable, desalination is not suitable for sustainable water supply. Additionally, it has detrimental influences upon the environment. Therefore, Saudi Arabia should improve the ratio of wastewater reuse in the whole fresh water supply system. 8. References Abderrahman, W. (2000). Urban Water Management in Developing Arid Countries. Water Resources Development 16 (1) pp7-20. Abu-Arabi, M. (2007). Status and Prospects for Solar Desalination in the Mena Region. In Rizzuti, L., Ettouney, H., and Cipollina, A. (eds.) Solar Desalination for the 21st Century: A Review of Modern Technologies and Researches on Desalination Coupled to Renewable Energies (pp163-178). Dordrecht: Springer. Al-Aza, M. (2005). Oil Pollution and Its Environmental Impact in the Arabian Gulf Region. Boston: Elsevier. Alghariani, S. (2003). Water Transfer Versus Desalination in North Africa: Sustainability and Cost Comparison. London: School of Oriental and African Studies. Al-Sahlawi, M. (1999). Seawater Desalination in Saudi Arabia: Economic Review and Demand Projections. Desalination (123) pp143-147. Asano, T. (2006). Water Reuse: Issues, Technologies and Applications. New York: McGraw Hill. Asatekin, A. And Mayes, A. (2009). Oil Industry Wastewater Treatment with Fouling Resistant Membranes Containing Amphiphilic Comb Copolymers. Evrion. Sci. Technol. 43 (12) pp. 4487-4492. Bashitialshaaer, R., Persson, K., and Larsson, M. (2009). Estimated Future Production of Desalinated Seawater in the MENA Countries and Consequences for the Recipients. Dubai: IDA World Congress. Brooks, D. (2007). Fresh Water in the Middle East and North Africa. In Lipchin, C., Pallant, E., Saranga, D. And Amster, A. (eds.) Water Resources Management and Security in the Middle East (pp. 33-64). Dordrecht: Springer. CIA (2011). Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 5 April 2011 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html Fryer J. (2010). An Investigation of the Marginal Cost of Seawater Desalination in California. Retrieved 5 April 2011 from http://r4rd.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/Cost_of_Seawater_Desalination__Final_3-18-09.pdf Ghermandi, A., Bixio, D. And Thoeye, C. (2007). The Role of Free Water Constructed Wetlands As Polishing Step in Municipal Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse. Science of the Total Environment. 380 (1-3) pp. 247-258. Lone Star Chapter of the Sierra Club (2008). Desalination: Is It Worth the Salt?. Retrieved 5 April 2011 from http://texas.sierraclub.org/press/Desalination.pdf McKenzie, C. (2005). Wastewater Reuse Conserves Water and Protects Waterways. On Tap Winter 44 (4) pp46-51. Miller, G. (2005). Integrated Concepts in Water Reuse: Managing Global Water Needs. Desalination 187 (1-3) pp. 65-75. Tsiourtis, N. (2002). Desalination and the Environment. Desalination. 141 (3) pp. 223-236. UNESCO (2009). The United Nations World Water Development Report, 3: Water in a Changing World. Paris and London: Earthscan. Qadir, M., Bahri, A., Sato, T., and Al-Karadsheh, E. (2009). Wastewater Production, Treatment and Irrigation in the Middle East and North Africa. Biomedical and Life Science 24 (1-2) pp37-51. Sloane, T. (2009). Water Provision: A Comparative Analysis. London: Sage. Tortajada, C. (2006). Water Management in Singapore. International Journal of Water Resources Development (22) pp. 227-240. Williamson, F. (2010). Water Management: Traditional and Alternative Approaches. International Resource Management. 15(2) pp. 227-231. World Bank (2011). Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 5 April 2011 from http://data.worldbank.org/country/saudi-arabia World Energy Council (2010). Issues. Retrieved 5 April 2011 from http://worldenergy.org/Issues Wright, G. (2009). The Economic Feasibility of Desalination for Water Supply to Arid Regions. Global Water Issues 13 (2) pp202-206.